Rick Kretschmer's License Plate Archives

Introduction

This page illustrates some of the various types of license plates currently or recently seen on the streets of Maryland.  There are also many additional types of Maryland license plates, some issued in very small numbers, that do not appear on this page.  As I find them, I will add their images to this page. 

The black-on-white reflective bases with the screened, script Maryland have been in continuous use since February 1986, and aside from a few graphic special interest plate types, are the only valid Maryland plates since October 1, 1987.  According to the state, these plates are considered to be permanent, and so there are apparently no plans for a replate in our lifetimes.  In most instances, plates are issued in pairs, and month and year expiration stickers are applied only to the rear plate. 

Please note that, although a good number of the plates shown on this page are from my personal collection, I've shown plates from a variety of sources.  Several plates shown belong to other collectors; some of these I photographed and some were photographed by their owners.  The plates shown with bolts attaching them to vehicles are photographs of plates in actual use.  Primarily, these are photos I've taken; some may have been photographed by others.  Any photograph that I didn't take, and any plate that isn't from my collection, is indicated with appropriate credits.  All photographs taken by others are used with permission.  Oh, and if you're wondering what that arc of light is on some of the candid shots, it's just a reflection from my camera.  I get this when I have to shoot towards the sun due to the position of the vehicle.  (Remember when cameras were black and didn't reflect light?) 

I sincerely hope that you find this information useful.  If you find an error or have additional information, or can provide a plate, or a photo of a plate that is not shown, please send me an e-mail.  There's a link to my e-mail address at the bottom of every page. 

Move your mouse over each image to see a description of that plate.  Click on any image to see a larger version. 

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Standard passenger car plates

Standard-issue passenger car plates are issued to regular cars and station wagons only.  They are not issued to mini-vans, SUVs, pickup trucks, motor homes, buses, or anything else that commonly receives passenger plates in other states.  All mini-vans, SUVs, and motor homes getting standard-issue plates are instead issued multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) plates, which are addressed in the next section this page.  Pickup trucks get the same standard-issue truck plates as do big commercial trucks; these are also covered further down on this page. 

Standard passenger car plates issued 1986-2004

Maryland passenger plates were issued with serial format xxx*000 from February 1986 until September 2004, when the format was finally used up.  This format probably began at NAB*001 and reached ZZZ*999 in the fall of 1992.  The N series was chosen as the starting point so as not to conflict with the previous base that would still on the road through September 1987, which had been issued in the A through K series.  Serial numbers NAA*000 and NAA*001 were used as sample plates; otherwise, triple zero serial numbers are not issued.  Letters I, O, Q, and U are not used.  In the fall of 1992, the serials rolled over to AAB*001, according to one report, and kept going until MZZ*999 was issued in September 2004.  After the 1986-1987 replate was completed, this format went through about one letter series per year. 

Standard passenger car plates issued 2004-present

In September 2004, a second serial format 0xx*x00 was introduced; this should last the state for probably a good 15 to 20 years before it runs out of combinations.  In this new format, the first digit before the letters is never a zero, and letters I, O, Q, and U are still avoided.  This format began at approximately 1AA*A01; all numbers change before the first letter changes.  For example, after plate 1AA*A99 would come 2AA*A01, and after 9AA*A99 would come 1AA*B01. 

Starting at plate number 1AL*A01, the state government web site address, www.maryland.gov, was added to the bottom edge of the plate.  These web site passenger car plates were first seen in use approximately February 2005. 

Standard passenger car plates with New Jersey serial characters, issued 2006-2007

Maryland passenger car plates began to be seen with New Jersey-style serial characters in November 2006.  Maryland arranged for the state of New Jersey to stamp out a total of nearly 35,000 pairs of plates for them, including nearly 20,000 passenger car plates, due to the Maryland plate manufacturing facility at the state prison in Jessup being shut down for three weeks due to inmate unrest.  New Jersey serial character dies are much more squared-off than the rounded Maryland dies.  Passenger car plates made with New Jersey serial characters have plate numbers between 1CN*A01 and 9CN*Z99.  Maryland serial character plates resumed being issued in December 2006 at about plate number 1CP*A01, but New Jersey character plates continued to be issued into February 2007. 

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Standard multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) plates

Multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) plates are issued to a variety of vehicle types.  They're issued to all SUVs and mini-vans, so these plates are nearly as common as passenger car plates and more common than truck plates.  MPV plates are also issued to full-sized passenger vans, motor homes, and not-for-hire buses, regardless of whether the vehicle is driven for personal use or commercial use.  Surprisingly, all three-wheeled vehicles also got MPV plates until recently.  Now, I believe only enclosed-body three-wheeled vehicles get them; open three-wheeled vehicles are now classified as motorcycles. 

Several serial formats have been used, but they all involve six numeric digits and the letter "M".  The initial serial format issued from 1986 until about the late 1990s was 000000M; the second format, issued from about the late 1990s through about 2002, was M000000.  The third format, issued from about 2002 until the spring of 2007, was 000M000. 

In January 2005, MPV plates were the first plate type to be issued with the www.maryland.gov web site address added to the bottom of the plate, beginning at about serial 480M000.  The fourth and current serial format, first issued in April 2007, is 00000M0.  All of these serial formats are still in use. 

Standard MPV plates with New Jersey serial characters, issued 2006

MPV plates were also the first plate type to be seen with New Jersey-style serial dies in October 2006.  15,000 pairs of MPV plates were made in New Jersey, with serial numbers between 895M000 and 909M999.  The Maryland serial dies resumed in November 2006 at about serial 910M000, but New Jersey die MPV plates continued to be issued into January 2007. 

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Standard light truck plates

Personal light trucks such as pickup trucks are issued these regular truck plates, along with most types and all sizes of commercial straight trucks and cargo vans.  Special truck types that receive different plates are covered on the Maryland Current Commercial Vehicle plate page. 

Regular truck plates were first issued in February 1986 in serial format 000*000, beginning at about serial 300*000 to avoid conflicting with motorcycle serial numbers from the previous base still in use.  Serial 999*999 was reached after only a couple of years, and the format rolled over to approximately serial 000*001 and continued until 299*999 was reached in about the spring of 1992.  A second format 00x*000 was then begun, which is still being issued today.  With this format, all numbers change before the letter changes.  Both of these formats are still in use, although the all-numeric plates are now seen infrequently.  The web site address was added to the bottom of the plate in 2005 at about serial 23R*000. 

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Special interest plates for passenger cars, MPVs, and light trucks

Maryland only offers two true special interest plates that are available to anyone, directly through the Motor Vehicle Administration - the well known Treasure the Chesapeake and Our Farms, Our Future plates.  These plates are of a completely different design than the standard-issue plates.  While these plates are used to raise money for specific organizations, unlike organizational member plates (now covered on a separate page), the MVA collects the money from the registrant and distributes it to the groups after the plates are issued.  No actual affiliation with any organization is necessary. 

(All of these plate styles are also available to handicapped motorists and with vanity registration numbers. These are covered in the handicapped and vanity plate sections further down this page.) 

For many years, the only alternative to the standard black-on-white plates was the green-on-white/blue fade Treasure the Chesapeake environmental plate with the blue heron in the middle of the plate.  This plate was available to new registrants from 1990 through 2003.  Cars, MPVs, light trucks, taxis, and trailers were all eligible for this plate, and different serial formats were issued for each vehicle type.  Cars received plates in format 000*xxx, MPVs got plates in format Axx-00x, and light trucks up to 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight got format 1xx*000.  Taxis and trailers were issued plates in format x00-000.  Although no longer issued, these plates remain valid if continuously registered. 

In early 2001, a second optional plate was offered, a loud black-on-orange/yellow fade Our Farms, Our Future agricultural plate.  This plate is issued in a common serial format, A000000, shared by cars, MPVs, light trucks, taxis, and trailers; however, trailer plates are limited to the A900000 series.  Farm trucks can also get this plate in a different serial format, F/T 00000. 

In January 2004, a redesigned and more modern-looking Treasure the Chesapeake plate made its debut, with a black-on-blue/white fade color scheme, and a full color blue heron at the left of the plate.  Once again, cars, MPVs, light trucks, taxis, and trailers all share a single serial format 00000x/x, with trailer plates restricted to a specific serial number range.  Suffix letters C/B, B/Y, C/A, C/C, and C/D have been issued thus far, in that order, to motor vehicles.  Trailers receive plates with suffix letters G/A. 

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Government official plates

For many decades, special plates have been issued to certain Maryland state officials, and to members of the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland.  The detailed lists of these may be found below. 

Since at least the 1950s, every such plate I've ever seen has had a large, ornate, round Maryland state seal emblem (not the little shield separator on current standard issue plates) on the left center portion of the plates.  That is, until I spotted the Our Farms optional base issued to a state senator, with no state seal, shown above.  On the other hand, optional Treasure the Chesapeake bases issued to state officials do have the state seal.  My only guess is that maybe the seal would have crowded the graphic farm scene at the bottom left, so they chose to omit the seal from the Our Farms version. 

The Our Farms state senate plates were interesting for another reason.  I was able to see both the front and rear of the vehicle to which the plates were attached, and neither the front nor back plate had any month or year stickers affixed.  In the past, government official plates had expiration stickers just like any other plate, but none of the few recent-issue examples I've seen photos of have had stickers.  I just assumed they were front plates (which would not have stickers), until I saw this stickerless pair in use.  Now I don't know whether this one state senator was simply too busy with his or her official duties to get around to applying the stickers to the rear plate, or whether government official plates are no longer issued with expiration stickers.  If anyone does know more about this, please clue me in. 

According to the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration, a few state officials are issued plates with the title of their office embossed on the main body the plate where normally a serial number would be placed.  These plates bear no serial number; only the title of the political office.  State officials entitled to such plates include the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Adjutant General, Attorney General, Comptroller, Secretary of State, President (of the State Senate), and Speaker (of the House of Delegates). 

For members of state and national legislative bodies, embossed on the main body of the plate is the name of the legislative body, with a number identifying the legislative district below.  Office holders with more than one vehicle are issued plates with an alphabetic suffix following the district number for their additional vehicle(s).  U.S. Senators are issued plates with either the number 1 or 2; the more senior Senator receives the number 1 plate.  The text on these various plates may read US Senate, US Congress, just Senate, which indicates a member of the state senate, and House of Delegates, which is the name of the lower legislative body in Maryland. 

Certain office holders in the city of Baltimore also receive special plates.  These plates have a graphic City of Baltimore emblem on the left center, the title of the office holder in the remaining center portion of the plate.  The plates have no serial number.  Known city office holders receiving these plates are Mayor, President (of the) City Council, and Solicitor. 

I think it's rather likely that at least some of the above plates are no longer actually used in today's security-obsessed world, however. 

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Standard antique vehicle plates

To qualify for historic plates, a vehicle must generally be over 20 years and in basically stock condition, and must be driven infrequently.  Historic plates were initially assigned serial format 000*00L, with the "L" indicating the vehicle class, and with the screened legend Historic at the bottom of the plate.  This format was eventually used up, and a second format L00*000 was introduced.  This second format was exhausted in late 2005; now a third format 000*0L0 is being issued. 

Street rods are heavily modified or customized vehicles; vehicles receiving street rod plates must be over 25 years old and driven infrequently.  Street rod plates have serial format 000*00N, with the "N" indicating the vehicle class, and with the screened legend Street Rod displayed along the bottom of the plate. 

Permanent registration sticker for historic vehicle 60 or more years old

According the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration, a historic vehicle 60 years or older may obtain a one-time, permanent, non-transferable registration.  This option has only been in effect since January 1, 2007, and it's available only to historic vehicles, not street rods.  These permanent registrations are indicated with a white on black sticker with the words Maryland Historic Permanent in place of an expiration year, as shown on the second plate above.  At the moment, such permanent regisrations are charged a one-time fee of $50, rather than the biennial $51 registration fee that non-permanent historic vehicles and street rods are charged. 

Historic plates and street rod plates may also be ordered with vanity registration numbers.  Examples of these are shown in the vanity plates section, immediately below.  Motorcycles are eligible for their own historic or street rod plates, available with either sequentially-issued or vanity registration numbers.  These are addressed in the motorcycle plate section, further down this page. 

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Vanity and amateur radio operator plates

Standard and special issue vanity plates

Vanity plates are available for cars, light trucks, and multi-purpose vehicles on the standard base, as well as the Treasure the Chesapeake and Our Farms, Our Future bases.  The maximum number of characters is seven.  The shield logo is omitted on all vanities on standard bases, and the blue heron graphic was omitted on all green-on-white first generation Chesapeake vanity plates, regardless of the number or spacing of characters on the plate.  On the black-on-blue second generation Chesapeake plate, the bird graphic is to the far left rather than centered; vanity plates on this base with six or fewer characters and spaces contain the bird graphic; those with seven characters and spaces have the bird omitted from the plate. 

Vanity plates are also available on standard motorcycle plates and historic motorcycle plates, these are addressed further down the page. 

Antique vehicle vanity plates

Historic vehicle and street rod plates may be ordered with vanity registration numbers.  These plates are identical to standard vanity plates, except for the Historic or Street Rod legend at the bottom. 

Amateur radio operator plates

Amateur radio operator plates are issued with the serial number that matches the radio operator's call sign, up to seven characters.  They differ from vanity plates in that they carry the screened legend Amateur Radio Operator at the bottom center.  Amateur radio plates are available for passenger cars, multi-purpose vehicles, and trucks up to 1 ton capacity.  The same style plates are issued to all of these vehicle types. 

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Handicapped person plates and placards

Long-term handicapped windshield placard

Handicapped persons have the option of obtaining either handicapped license plates, or standard plates with a long-term handicapped placard to be hung from the vehicle's inside rear view mirror. 

Standard handicapped plates on the standard reflective white base are issued with the wheelchair graphic at the far left, in serial format 00000x/x, where the letters issued thus far have been H/C, H/D, H/V, and H/T, in that order.  Presumably the letter H stands for handicapped; apparently the variable second letter has no hidden meaning.  There is no distinction between handicapped car vs. truck or multi-purpose vehicle plates.  H/C series and early H/D series have a screened wheelchair graphic and alpha suffix; beginning at about 36000H/D, and continuing into the H/V and H/T series, these elements are embossed.  The state's web site address began appearing on standard handicapped plates in 2005 at approximatly serial number 69000H/V. 

Disabled veterans (veterans who are truly handicapped, not necessarily members of the Disabled American Veterans organization) are issued plates with the wheelchair graphic at far left, followed by a serial number in format DV0000.  These plates carry the screened legend Disabled Veteran at the bottom.  These plates are free of charge to the registrant. 

Non-veteran handicapped plates were also available on the discontinued green-on-white Treasure the Chesapeake base, and are available on the current optional Our Farms, Our Future and black-on-blue Treasure the Chesapeake bases.  On the green-on-white Chesapeake base, the plate featured the wheelchair grapic on the left, followed by a serial in format 00000H/P; the screened bird graphic was omitted.  On the Our Farms base, again the wheelchair graphic is at the left, followed by serial format 00000A/E.  The handicapped format for the new blue-on-black Chesapeake plate is 0000D/A, with the screened bird graphic in its normal position on the left edge of the plate, and the wheelchair graphic to the right of the stacked "D/A".  I have no idea what the letters AE or DA signify, if anything. 

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Standard motorcycle plates

For many decades, Maryland motorcycle plate dimensions have been 4-1/2 inches high by 8-1/2 inches wide, which is different than the 4 inch by 7 inch dimensions used for motorcycle plates in every other state.  However, Maryland has finally decided to conform to the rest of the country, and beginning in 2008 is now producing 4 by 7 inch motorcycle plates.  New-sized plates have their bolt holes positioned all the way in the four corners of the plate. 

Both month and year stickers are the same as used on passenger vehicles.  Unfortunately, on the 4-1/2 by 8-1/2 inch plates, there is no place on this plate that the stickers will fit without covering all or part of either the state name, the serial number, or the bolt slots in the upper corners.  Therefore, registrants have tended to place their stickers in varying and creative locations on this plate. 

Regular motorcycle plates

Motorcycle serial formats were initially 00000D, with the "D" indicating Maryland's vehicle class code for motorcycles.  This format was quickly exhausted, and formats 0000D0 and 000D00 followed and were also exhausted.  Format 00D000 could not be used because it conflicted with truck serial numbers already on the road.  So, for reasons known only to the Maryland MVA, format 000M00 was introduced.  I suppose that the "M" must stand for motorcycle.  After format 000M00 was also used up, the familiar "D" resumed its leftward march across the plate with formats 0D0000 and D00000, which debuted in about July 2006 and March 2009, respectively.  On all of these plates, the six characters fill the motorcycle plate, leaving no room for the shield separator used on full-sized six character plates. 

Beginning some time in 2005, the state's web address www.maryland.gov was added to the bottom edge of regular motorcycle plates.  Reportedly this was added at approximately serial number 740M00. 

Other types of personal motorcycle plates

Handicapped motorcyclist

This is a fairly obscure plate type, as most people qualifying for handicapped plates probably are not physically able to ride a motorcycle.  In any event, for those who are, the motorcycle plates they are issued display the familiar wheelchair graphic to the far left, followed by serial format 0000D/M. 

Historic motorcycle

Similar plate to regular motorcycles, but with a screened Historic or Historic M/C at the bottom of the plate, and bearing serial format 00000L/D.  (Class L indicates a historic vehicle, and subclass D indicates a motorcycle.) 

Street rod motorcycle

Similar to a historic motorcycle plate, but with screened Street Rod at the bottom.  Serial format is 00000N/D.  (Class N indicates a street rod; subclass D indicates a motorcycle.)  These do in fact exist; I've seen one up close in actual use.  Unfortunately, the bike's owner wouldn't let me take a picture of his plate. 

Motorcycle vanity plate

Up to 6 characters are permitted. 

Historic motorcycle vanity plate

Up to 6 characters permitted on this base; Historic or Historic M/C legend is screened at the bottom. 

Street rod motorcycle vanity plate

I don't know for certain that these exist, but if they do they would be similar to the historic motorcycle vanity plates, but with the Street Rod legend. 

(Organizational member motorcycle plates and military service motorcycle plates have been moved to a new page.) 

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Other restricted-use personal vehicle plates

Low speed vehicle plates

Low speed vehicle plates were introduced in January 2006.  A low speed vehicle is defined as a four-wheeled electric vehicle designed to carry no more than four people, with a maximum speed between 20 and 25 miles per hour, that meets certain federal safety standards.  In some other states these are referred to as "neighborhood electric vehicles".  The plates make these vehicles street-legal.  However, golf carts are explicitly not eligible for low speed vehilce plates, probably because they don't meet the safety standards.  Low speed vehicles can be either personal-use or commercial-use vehicles.  At least one such vehicle has been spotted in use as a taxi, and wearing low speed vehicle plates rather than taxi plates. 

Two full-sized plates are issued, but the serial format is 000R00, with no sheild separator and no spaces between any of the characters.  It seems like these were intended to be issued on motorcycle-sized plates, but someone somewhere got their wires crossed.  The plate bears the legend Low Speed Vehicle along the bottom.  The lowest plate number spotted so far is 000R09, so presumably these began at 000R01. 

Island vehicles

Island vehicles have been required to display license plates since October 1, 2006.  These are vehicles that are driven only on islands that have no highway access to the mainland, regardless of vehicle type or usage.  Therefore, island vehicles may be either personal or commercial vehicles.  Island vehicles share registration class K with farm area vehicles, which are farm trucks that are restricted to a 10 mile radius from the farm.  Both island vehicles and farm are vehicles are issued the same plates with serial format 000*00K.  Based on the timing, class K plates used on island vehicles should only have a state web site legend at the bottom.  Class K plates used on farm area vehicles may or may not have the web site legend. 

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Temporary cardboard plates

These cardboard plates are issued by car dealers to their customers who have purchased vehicles and are not transfering the plates from another vehicle.  These plates provide time for the MVA to mail the vehicle owner their new permanent metal plates and registration papers. 

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General information about stickers, expiration dates, etc.

Month and year stickers

Month stickers can be white on red, or white on green, and include the month number as well as the the state name Maryland running down the left side.  The state name on the month sticker can be either black or white.  Month stickers with Maryland in white are more recent than those with Maryland in black.  The red month stickers are intended for the standard black-on-white plates, and the green ones were originally introduced for use on the first generation Chesapeake plates.  Both colors of month stickers can be found on all types of Maryland plates, however.  If you look closely at the various month stickers on this page, you'll notice that they have not used a consistent font for the month number. 

Eight-year trailer registrations have unique white-on-red (some call it white-on-pink) month stickers that have the name of the month spelled out rather than the month number.  The expiration month is always April on these. 

Maryland has had a recent fixation for the color green on its year stickers.  Out of eleven recent sticker years, eight have been either green-on-white or white-on-green.  Most, but not necessarily all, year stickers for a given year are in the same color.  In recent years, one- and two-year registrations have been issued different color stickers than were issued for that same expiration year for five-year fleet vehicle registrations.  For example, 2005 expiration year stickers issued in 2000 were blue-on-white, but most 2005 expiration year stickers issued in 2003 and 2004 (the vast majority of vehicles) were black-on-white.  I say "most", because for some mysterious reason, apportioned vehicles received 2005 expiration stickers in yet a third color, white on green.  And, eight-year trailer registrations always get white-on-red (some people say it's actually white-on-pink) year stickers, regardless of the year. 

Current and recent year "regular" sticker colors are as follows: 

Those new "smart" stickers

In 2008, Maryland began issuing some different-looking year stickers to a relatively small number of motorists.  These new stickers are fairly obvious due to their colors being different than regular year stickers.  However, the more significant difference is that these new stickers' serial numbers match the serial numbers of the plates to which they're assigned.  Hence the term "smart" sticker; the sticker is "smart" enough to know which plate it goes with.  Several variations of smart stickers have been observed thus far, as shown and described below.  All smart stickers are 1-1/2 inches wide by 1 inch high, slightly smaller than 2010 and prior regular stickers which are 1-1/2 inches wide by 1-3/16 inches high. 

Plate spotter Jeff Ellis reports that initially, smart stickers were issued only for vanity and amateur radio operator plates in a pilot program.  I gather that even among these few plate types, smart stickers were only issued to those motorists who renewed their registrations online.  These early smart stickers use a wide font for the year, and are always black on white in color.  They've been spotted in 2008, 2009, and 2010 versions, with the 2008 version being exceptionally rare. 

Following the apparently successful pilot, smart stickers are now being issued for all plate types to motorists who renew their registrations online.  These general-issue smart stickers use a narrow font for the year.  They've been seen in 2009 and 2010 editions so far.  For unknown reasons, 2009 general-issue smart stickers have come in two different color schemes; initially black on light green, followed by black on white.  Unfortunately, I don't yet have an image of the black on white general-issue 2009 smart sticker.  2010 versions are vastly more common, since most registrations are for two year periods.  All of these are colored black on white. 

Beginning with 2011 expiration stickers, regular, non-smart stickers with sequential serial numbers are being made in the same smaller size, and same colors, black on white, as the smart stickers.  Contrast these stickers, which are being used for one-year and two-year registrations, with the older style white-on-green 2011 stickers that were issued in 2006 to fleet vehicles with five-year registrations.  The 2012 stickers are also black on white, and so it would seem that all year stickers from this point forward may have these same boring colors. 

Expiration dates

Nearly all vehicle types and registration classes have staggered registrations and can expire in any month.  The exceptions to this involve certain types of commercial and company-owned vehicle registrations.  Therefore, I won't dwell on them here, since this page is supposed to be about personal vehicle plates. 

Normally, two-year registrations are mandatory for vehicles owned by individuals.  Exceptions are made in some cases, such as economic hardship, or in instances where a motorist has at least a year remaining on a registration of a different class vehicle, and is transfering the unused portion to the new vehicle. 

Plates always expire at 11:59 pm on the last day of the month indicated.  For staggered registrations, the expiration month is the same as the month the vehicle was initially registered.  For example, a personal vehicle newly registered on June 7, 2008 would have its first registration period valid through June 30, 2010. 

Change of vehicle ownership

When a registered vehicle is sold or disposed of, the plates do not stay with the vehicle.  The plates can remain with the owner and be transfered to a replacement vehicle.  Otherwise, the plates must be returned to the MVA. 

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Related Links

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Page credits

Thanks to those who have directly contributed to the information on this page:  Jeff Ellis, Christopher Jackson, Xavier Hadjadj, Jack Chen, and "Tiger" Joe Sallmen. 

Chen photograph © copyright by Jack Chen.  All rights reserved.  Used with permission. 
Hadjadj, Sallmen, and Elllis photographs are presumed to be copyrighted by Xavier Hadjadj, "Tiger" Joe Sallmen, and Jeff Ellis, respectively, and are used with permission. 

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This page last updated January 24, 2010